Pii: S0261-3794(98)00035-3

نویسنده

  • Larry M. Bartels
چکیده

This article examines theoretical and historical issues raised by Donald Stokes’s classic 1960s articles on “Party Loyalty and the Likelihood of Deviating Elections,” “On the Existence of Forces Restoring Party Competition,” and “Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces.” I use presidential election returns from 1868 to 1996 and a simple regression model to measure partisan, national, and sub-national forces in each election. My analysis suggests that the contemporary American electoral system is significantly more nationalized than the electoral system of a century ago, but no less partisan, no more volatile, and no less subject to competitive reequilibration.  1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

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تاریخ انتشار 1998